Seismic Acquisition and Processing

Module 1 – Introduction

Objectives –How seismic data assists today’s E&P - 2D vs 3D - Interpreting Seismic Data – Size of operations - Issues & Concerns

Module 2 – Basic Concepts of Seismic Surveying

What makes a seismic trace – Body & Surface waves - Reflection and refraction - Basics of seismic fold and image or stacked traces – Stacking Diagrams

Module 3 – Seismic Wave Propagation

Principles of wave propagation - Physical basis of wave types – Huygens‘s principle - Refractions and Diffractions - Seismic Velocities - Reflection amplitude, converted waves and AVO

Module 4 – Signal Analysis

Waves in time and space, Frequency and Wavenumber, Fourier analysis - Aliasing both spatial and temporal – FK transform - Convolution - Cross & Auto correlation.

Module 5 – Seismic Reflection Principles

Properties of Seismic Waveforms and traces – Polarity - Vertical Resolution – Lateral Resolution – Tuning - Amplitude Effects

Module 6 – Field Data Acquisition Principles

Types of Seismic Data Acquisition – Marine, Land, Transition, Borehole, Ocean Bottom, TimeLapse – Signal and Noise – Field Array Design – Alternatives to arrays – Common Reasons for Failure

Module 7 – Marine Acquisition Systems and Operations

Overall Layout – Towing Technology - Sources – Receivers – Benefits of Single sensor recording - Streamer Positioning – Narrow, Wide & Multi Azimuth - Over Under / DISCover – Slanted Cables - Gradient Measurements – Ocean Bottom Recording - Simultaneous Sources - Quality Assurance

Module 8– Land Acquisition Systems and Operations

Sources – Sensors – Positioning - Recording the Data – Arrays or Single Sensor Recording – Full Azimuth recording - Simultaneous Sources – Industry Trends Quality Assurance

Module 9 – Near-Surface Distortion Correction

Causes of Distortions – Seismic Datum – Long & short wavelength statics

- Surface Consistency - Methods of Correction – Identifying errors

Module 10 – Wavelets and Wavelet Shaping

Reasons why Wavelet Shaping is necessary – Types of wavelets – Zero & Minimum phase

- Types of Deconvolution - Decon.’s place in the sequence – Examples.

Module 11 – Regularization

The need for regularization – Types of methods used – Cautions - Examples

Module 12 – Noise Attenuation

Noise Types – Noise Removal Methodologies – Organised Noise – Radon Transforms

- Seismic Interference - Random Noise – Examples

Module 13 – Multiple Attenuation

What are multiples? – Types of multiple - Classifications and examples of removal methods

More (different) Radon Transforms – Data Examples

Module 14 Velocity Analysis for Time Processing

Types of velocity – NMO stretch – Velocity Analysis Techniques – Potential pitfalls

Module 15 – Velocity Model Building

Importance of velocity - Types of Model geometries – Tomography – Velocity model building techniques – Diving Wave, Tomographic, Complex Salt, Full Waveform Inversion, Multi Azimuth

Module 16 Imaging

Differences between Time and Depth Imaging – Limitations of Post stack imaging - Current Imaging Techniques - Their strengths and weaknesses - Examples – Likely future trends

Module 17 Imaging with Anisotropy

What is anisotropy? – How is it caused – Thomsen’s parameters – Different types of anisotropy – Rules of thumb - Examples

Module 18 – Survey Design

Survey Objectives – Geophysical & Processing Considerations

– 3D Surveying – CMP distribution – Binning – Critical Survey parameters

– Calculating their values - Survey Size Calculations – Migration Apertures – Artifacts and Footprints

Recap and Review